Monarch

If you have ever watched your child forget instructions moments after hearing them, lose track of what they were doing mid-task, or struggle to hold information in mind long enough to use it, you may have been told, “It’s a working memory issue.” For many parents, that phrase can feel vague, confusing, or even alarming. What exactly is working memory?

A new study from Aarhus University in Denmark led by Mikkel Wallentin looked at the connection between our inner speech (that silent voice in our head) and a fairly concrete physiological marker: heart rate.

Rejection and exclusion are among the most painful social experiences for children—and for parents, witnessing that pain can feel unbearable. Whether it shows up as tears after school, anger at home, school refusal, or quiet withdrawal, rejection can activate intense emotional responses that seem to come out of nowhere and linger far longer than adults expect.